Kayan birki sune mafi mahimmancin sassan aminci a cikin tsarin birki, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ingancin tasirin birki, kuma kushin birki mai kyau shine mai kare mutane da ababen hawa (jirgi).
Na farko, asalin mashinan birki
A cikin 1897, HerbertFrood ya ƙirƙira na'urorin birki na farko (ta yin amfani da zaren auduga a matsayin ƙarfafa fiber) kuma ya yi amfani da su a cikin motocin dawakai da motocin farko, inda aka kafa kamfanin Ferodo wanda ya shahara a duniya. Sannan a cikin 1909, kamfanin ya ƙirƙira daɗaɗɗen birki na tushen asbestos na farko a duniya; A cikin 1968, an ƙirƙira pad ɗin birki na farko da aka yi da ƙarfe na farko a duniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, kayan juzu'i sun fara haɓaka zuwa rashin asbestos. A gida da waje sun fara nazarin nau'ikan abubuwan maye gurbin asbestos kamar fiber karfe, fiber gilashi, fiber aramid, fiber carbon da sauran aikace-aikace a cikin kayan gogayya.
Na biyu, da rarrabuwa na birki pads
Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu don rarraba kayan birki. An raba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da cibiyoyi. Kamar kayan birki na mota, kayan birki na jirgin ƙasa da kayan birki na jirgin sama. Hanyar rarrabawa abu ne mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙin fahimta. An raba ɗaya bisa ga nau'in kayan. Wannan hanyar rarrabawa ta fi kimiyya. Kayan birki na zamani sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku: kayan birki na tushen guduro (kayan asbestos birki, kayan birki marasa asbestos, kayan birki na takarda), kayan foda na ƙarfe, kayan birki na carbon/carbon da kayan birki na yumbu.
Na uku, kayan birki na mota
1, nau'in kayan birki na mota bisa ga kayan masana'anta sun bambanta. Ana iya raba shi zuwa takardar asbestos, takardar Semi-karfe ko ƙaramin ƙarfe, takardar NAO (asbestos free kwayoyin halitta), takardar carbon carbon da takardar yumbu.
1.1. Asbestos takardar
Tun da farko, an yi amfani da asbestos a matsayin kayan ƙarfafawa don gyaran birki, saboda fiber na asbestos yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfin zafin jiki, don haka yana iya biyan buƙatun buƙatun birki da clutch fayafai da gaskets. Wannan fiber yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, yana iya ma dace da ƙarfe mai daraja, kuma yana iya jure yanayin zafi na 316 ° C. Menene ƙari, asbestos yana da arha. Ana hako shi daga ma'adinan amphibole, wanda ake samu da yawa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Abubuwan gogayya na asbestos galibi suna amfani da fiber asbestos, wato hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO · 2SiO2 · 2H2O) azaman fiber ƙarfafa. Ana ƙara filler don daidaita kaddarorin gogayya. Ana samun kayan haɗaɗɗun matrix na halitta ta hanyar latsa manne a cikin injin latsa mai zafi.
Kafin shekarun 1970. Ana amfani da zanen gadon filashin nau'in asbestos sosai a duniya. Kuma rinjaye na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, saboda mummunan aikin canja wurin zafi na asbestos. Ba za a iya watsar da zafi da sauri ba. Zai haifar da ruɓanin zafin jiki na farfajiyar juzu'i don yin kauri. Ƙara kayan aiki. Kafin nan. Ruwan kristal na fiber asbestos yana haɓaka sama da 400 ℃. Abubuwan gogayya suna raguwa sosai kuma lalacewa yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da ya kai 550 ℃ ko fiye. Ruwan lu'ulu'u ya yi hasara sosai. Haɓakawa ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Mafi mahimmanci. An tabbatar da shi a likitance. Asbestos wani abu ne da ke da mummunar illa ga sassan numfashi na ɗan adam. Yuli 1989. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta sanar da cewa za ta hana shigo da kayayyaki, kera, da sarrafa duk kayayyakin asbestos nan da 1997.
1.2, Semi-karfe takardar
Wani sabon nau'in kayan juzu'i ne wanda aka haɓaka bisa tushen kayan juzu'i da kayan gogayya na foda na gargajiya. Yana amfani da zaruruwan ƙarfe maimakon asbestos fibers. Abu ne da ba na asbestos ba ne wanda Kamfanin Bendis na Amurka ya haɓaka a farkon 1970s.
"Semi-metal" matasan birki gammaye (Semi-met) an yi su ne da ulun karfe mai kauri a matsayin fiber mai ƙarfafawa da kuma cakuda mai mahimmanci. Asbestos da wadanda ba asbestos Organic birki pads (NAO) za a iya sauƙi bambanta daga bayyanar (lafiya zaruruwa da barbashi), kuma suna da wani Magnetic Properties.
Semi-metallic friction kayan suna da manyan halaye masu zuwa:
(l) Tsaya sosai a ƙasa da adadin gogayya. Ba ya haifar da lalatawar thermal. Kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na thermal;
(2) Kyakkyawan juriya. Rayuwar sabis ɗin shine sau 3-5 na kayan gogayya na asbestos;
(3) Kyakkyawan aikin juzu'i a ƙarƙashin babban nauyi da kwanciyar hankali ƙima;
(4) Kyakkyawar halayen thermal. Yanayin zafin jiki ƙarami ne. Musamman dacewa da ƙananan samfuran birki na diski;
(5) Karamin karar birki.
Amurka, Turai, Japan da sauran ƙasashe sun fara haɓaka amfani da manyan yankuna a cikin 1960s. Juriyar lalacewa na takaddun ƙarfe na ƙarfe ya fi 25% sama da na takardar asbestos. A halin yanzu, ta mamaye babban matsayi a kasuwar kushin birki a China. Kuma yawancin motocin Amurka. Musamman motoci da fasinja da motocin daukar kaya. Layin Semi-metal birki ya kai fiye da 80%.
Koyaya, samfurin kuma yana da nakasu masu zuwa:
(l) Fiber na ƙarfe yana da sauƙi don tsatsa, sauƙi don tsayawa ko lalata nau'i biyu bayan tsatsa, kuma ƙarfin samfurin yana raguwa bayan tsatsa, kuma lalacewa yana karuwa;
(2) High thermal conductivity, wanda yake da sauƙi don haifar da tsarin birki don samar da juriya na iskar gas a babban zafin jiki, wanda ya haifar da raguwa da raguwa da farantin karfe:
(3) Babban taurin zai lalata abu biyu, yana haifar da zance da ƙaramar ƙarar birki;
(4) Yawan yawa.
Ko da yake "Semi-metal" ba shi da ƙananan kurakurai, amma saboda kyakkyawan yanayin samar da shi, ƙananan farashi, har yanzu shine kayan da aka fi so don birki na mota.
1.3. Fim NAO
A farkon shekarun 1980, akwai nau'ikan fiber na matasan da aka ƙarfafa masu rufin birki marasa asbestos a cikin duniya, wato, ƙarni na uku na kwayoyin halitta marasa asbestos na nau'in nau'in birki na NAO. Manufarsa shine don gyara lahani na ƙarfe fiber guda ɗaya ƙarfafa Semi-metallic birki kayan, da zaruruwa amfani da su ne shuka fiber, aramong fiber, gilashin fiber, yumbu fiber, carbon fiber, ma'adinai fiber da sauransu. Saboda aikace-aikacen zaruruwa da yawa, zaruruwan da ke cikin rufin birki suna haɗaka da juna cikin aiki, kuma yana da sauƙi a tsara tsarin layin birki tare da ingantaccen aiki. Babban fa'idar takardar NAO shine don kula da ingantaccen tasirin birki a ƙasan ko babban zafin jiki, rage lalacewa, rage hayaniya, da tsawaita rayuwar faifan birki, wakiltar jagorar ci gaban halin yanzu na kayan gogayya. Abubuwan gogayya da duk sanannun samfuran birki na Benz/Philodo ke amfani da shi shine na uku na NAO wanda ba shi da asbestos, wanda zai iya birki cikin yardar kaina a kowane zafin jiki, yana kare rayuwar direba, da haɓaka rayuwar birki. diski.
1.4, Carbon sheet
Carbon carbon composite friction abu wani nau'in abu ne tare da matrix carbon fiber ƙarfafa. Kaddarorin sa na jujjuyawa suna da kyau. Ƙananan yawa (karfe kawai); Babban iya aiki. Yana da ƙarfin zafi da yawa fiye da kayan ƙarfe na foda da ƙarfe; Babban zafi mai tsanani; Babu nakasawa, abin mannewa. Yanayin aiki har zuwa 200 ℃; Kyakkyawan juzu'i da aikin sawa. Rayuwa mai tsawo. Matsakaicin juzu'i yana da ƙarfi kuma matsakaici yayin birki. An fara amfani da zane-zanen carbon-carbon a cikin jirgin sama na soja. Motocin tsere na Formula 1 sun karbe shi daga baya, wanda shine kawai aikace-aikacen kayan carbon a cikin birki na mota.
Carbon carbon composite friction abu ne na musamman abu tare da thermal kwanciyar hankali, sa juriya, lantarki watsin, takamaiman ƙarfi, takamaiman elasticity da yawa wasu halaye. Koyaya, kayan haɗin gwiwar carbon-carbon suma suna da gazawar masu zuwa: ƙimar juzu'i ba ta da ƙarfi. Yana da matukar tasiri da zafi;
Rashin juriya na iskar shaka (mai tsananin iskar shaka yana faruwa sama da 50 ° C a cikin iska). Babban buƙatun don yanayin (bushe, mai tsabta); Yana da tsada sosai. Amfani yana iyakance ga filaye na musamman. Wannan kuma shine babban dalilin da yasa iyakance abubuwan carbon carbon ke da wahala a haɓaka ko'ina.
1.5, guda yumbu
A matsayin sabon samfur a cikin kayan gogayya. Gilashin birki na yumbu suna da fa'idodi na babu hayaniya, babu toka mai faɗowa, babu lalata cibiyar dabarar, tsawon rayuwar sabis, kare muhalli da sauransu. Kamfanonin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin Jafananci ne suka ƙera pad ɗin yumbura a cikin 1990s. Sannu a hankali ya zama sabon masoyin kasuwar birki.
Wakilin al'ada na kayan juzu'i na tushen yumbu shine abubuwan haɗin C/C-sic, wato, carbon fiber ƙarfafa silicon carbide matrix C/SiC composites. Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Stuttgart da Cibiyar Nazarin Aerospace ta Jamus sun yi nazarin aikace-aikacen C/C-sic composites a fagen fama, da kuma samar da birki C/C-SIC don amfani a cikin motocin Porsche. Oak Ridge National Laboratory with Honeywell Advnanced composites, HoneywellAireratf Lnading Systems, da Honeywell Commercial Vehicle tsarin kamfanin yana aiki tare don haɓaka ƙwanƙolin C/SiC mai rahusa don maye gurbin simintin ƙarfe da simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin manyan motoci masu nauyi.
2, Carbon yumbu composite birki kushin abũbuwan amfãni:
1, idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya launin toka simintin ƙarfe birki gammaye, carbon yumbu birki pads ya ragu da kusan 60%, da kuma wadanda ba a dakatar da taro ya ragu da kusan 23 kg;
2, da birki gogayya coefficient yana da matukar high karuwa, da birki dauki gudun da aka rage da birki attenuation da aka rage;
3, da tensile elongation na carbon yumbu kayan jeri daga 0.1% zuwa 0.3%, wanda yake shi ne mai matukar high darajar ga yumbu kayan;
4, Fedal ɗin faifan yumbu yana jin daɗi sosai, nan da nan zai iya samar da iyakar ƙarfin birki a farkon matakin birki, don haka babu buƙatar ƙara tsarin taimakon birki, kuma gabaɗayan birki yana da sauri da gajarta fiye da tsarin birki na gargajiya. ;
5, don tsayayya da zafi mai zafi, akwai yumbu mai zafi mai zafi tsakanin fistan birki da layin birki;
6, diski birki na yumbu yana da tsayin daka na ban mamaki, idan amfani na yau da kullun shine sauyawa na rayuwa kyauta, kuma ana amfani da diski na simintin ƙarfe na yau da kullun na ƴan shekaru don maye gurbin.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-08-2023